1.Ubude beNgcaciso yeeNkqubo ze-Optical
Ubude bogxininiso luphawu olubaluleke kakhulu lwenkqubo ye-optical, kuba ingqikelelo yobude bengqwalasela, sinokuqonda ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi, siphonononga apha.
Ubude obugxininise benkqubo yokukhanya, echazwa njengomgama osuka kumbindi we-optical system ukuya kugxininiso lwe-beam xa isiganeko sokukhanya esinxuseneyo, ngumlinganiselo wokuxinana okanye ukwahluka kokukhanya kwindlela yokubona. Sisebenzisa lo mzobo ulandelayo ukubonisa le ngcamango.
Kulo mfanekiso ungasentla, isiganeko se-parallel seam ukusuka kwisiphelo sasekhohlo, emva kokudlula kwisixokelelwano sokukhanya, siguqukela kugxininiso lomfanekiso F', umva umgca wolwandiso wereyi eguqukayo unqumlana nomgca wolwandiso ohambelanayo wereyi yesiganeko ehambelanayo iphuzu, kunye nomphezulu odlula le ngongoma kwaye i-perpendicular kwi-axis ye-optical ibizwa ngokuba yi-back principal plane, i-airprincipal plane yangasemva inqumla kunye ne-optical axis kwindawo ye-P2, ebizwa ngokuba yi-main point (okanye i-optical center point) umgama phakathi kwengongoma ephambili kunye nogxininiso lomfanekiso, yinto esidla ngokuyibiza ngokuba bubude bojoliso, igama elipheleleyo bubude obusebenzayo bojoliso bomfanekiso.
Kwakhona kunokubonwa kumfanekiso ukuba umgama osuka kumphezulu wokugqibela wenkqubo yamehlo ukuya kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo nguF' yomfanekiso ubizwa ngokuba bubude bojoliso obungasemva (BFL). Ngokuhambelanayo, ukuba umqadi onxuseneyo usehlo ukusuka kwicala lasekunene, kukwakho iikhonsepthi zobude obusebenzayo kunye nobude befocal yangaphambili (FFL).
2. Iindlela zoVavanyo loBubude obuJongene
Enyanisweni, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuvavanya ubude obugxilwe kwiinkqubo zamehlo. Ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo eyahlukeneyo, iindlela zokuvavanya ubude obugxininisiweyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amathathu. Udidi lokuqala lusekwe kwindawo yomfanekiso wenqwelomoya, udidi lwesibini lusebenzisa unxulumano phakathi kokwandiswa kunye nobude bogxininiso ukufumana ixabiso lobude obugxininisiweyo, kwaye udidi lwesithathu lisebenzisa igophe elingaphambili lomtha wokukhanya oguqukayo ukufumana ixabiso lobude obugxininisiweyo. .
Kweli candelo, siyakwazisa iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokuvavanya ubude obugxininisiweyo beenkqubo zamehlo::
2.1CIndlela ye-olimator
Umgaqo wokusebenzisa i-collimator ukuvavanya ubude bengqwalasela yenkqubo yamehlo njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo ongezantsi:
Kumzobo, ipateni yokuvavanya ibekwe kwingqwalasela ye-collimator. Umphakamo y wepateni yovavanyo kunye nobude befocal fc' ye-collimator ziyaziwa. Emva kokuba umqadi onxuseneyo okhutshwa yicollimator udityaniswe yinkqubo yamehlo evavanyiweyo kunye nomfanekiso kwindiza yomfanekiso, ubude obugxininisiweyo benkqubo yokukhanya bunokubalwa ngokusekelwe kubude y' bepatheni yovavanyo kwinqwelomoya yomfanekiso. Ubude bojoliso lwenkqubo yamehlo evavanyiweyo inokusebenzisa le fomula ilandelayo:
2.2 IsiGaussianMindlela
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wendlela ye-Gaussian yokuvavanya ubude obugxininisiweyo benkqubo yokukhanya iboniswe ngolu hlobo lungezantsi:
Kumzobo, iinqwelo-moya eziphambili nangasemva zenkqubo yamehlo ephantsi kovavanyo zimelelwe njenge-P kunye ne-P ngokulandelelanayo, kwaye umgama phakathi kweenqwelo-moya ezimbini eziphambili ngu-d.P. Kule ndlela, ixabiso le-dPigqalwa njengeyaziwa, okanye ixabiso layo lincinane kwaye linokungahoywa. Into kunye nesikrini esifumanayo sibekwe kwicala lasekhohlo nasekunene, kwaye umgama phakathi kwabo urekhodwa njenge L, apho i-L idinga ukuba ibe mkhulu kunamaxesha ama-4 ubude benkqubo phantsi kovavanyo. Inkqubo ephantsi kovavanyo inokufakwa kwiindawo ezimbini, ezichazwe njenge-1 kunye ne-2 ngokulandelanayo. Into esekhohlo inokubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo kwisikrini esamkelayo. Umgama phakathi kwezi ndawo zimbini (ezichazwe njengo-D) unokulinganiswa. Ngokobudlelwane be-conjugate, sinokufumana:
Kwezi zikhundla zimbini, imigama yento irekhodwa njenge-s1 kunye ne-s2 ngokulandelanayo, emva koko s2 - s1 = D. Ngokuphuma kwefomula, sinokufumana ubude obugxininise benkqubo yokukhanya njengasezantsi:
2.3Li-ensometer
I-Lensometer ikulungele kakhulu ukuvavanya iisistim ezinde zojoliso olude. Umzobo wayo umi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Okokuqala, i-lens phantsi kovavanyo ayifakwanga kwindlela yokubona. Ithagethi ejongiweyo ngasekhohlo idlula kwilensi yokudibana kwaye ibe kukukhanya okuhambelanayo. Ukukhanya okunxuseneyo kudityaniswa yilensi eguqukayo enobude obugxininise be-f2kwaye yenza umfanekiso ocacileyo kwinqwelomoya yomfanekiso wereferensi. Emva kokuba indlela ye-optical ilinganisiwe, i-lens phantsi kovavanyo ibekwe kwindlela ye-optical path, kwaye umgama phakathi kwe-lens phantsi kovavanyo kunye ne-lens yokuguqula i-f.2. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yesenzo se-lens phantsi kovavanyo, i-beam yokukhanya iya kuphinda igxininiswe, ibangele utshintsho kwindawo yomfanekiso wendiza, okubangela umfanekiso ocacileyo kwindawo yendiza yomfanekiso omtsha kumzobo. Umgama phakathi kwenqwelomoya yomfanekiso omtsha kunye nelensi eguqukayo uchazwa njengo x. Ngokusekwe kubudlelwane bomfanekiso wento, ubude obugxininisiweyo belensi phantsi kovavanyo bunokuchazwa ngolu hlobo:
Ngokwenza, i-lensometer isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimilinganiselo ephezulu yogxininiso lweelensi ze-spectacle, kwaye ineenzuzo zokusebenza okulula kunye nokuchaneka okuthembekileyo.
2.4 AbbeRefractometer
I-Abbe refractometer yenye indlela yokuvavanya ubude obugxilwe kwiinkqubo zamehlo. Umzobo wayo umi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Beka iirula ezimbini ezinobude obuhlukeneyo kwicala lomphezulu we-lens phantsi kovavanyo, oko kukuthi i-scaleplate 1 kunye ne-scaleplate 2. Ubude be-scaleplates obuhambelanayo ngu-y1 kunye no-y2. Umgama phakathi kwee-scaleplates ezimbini ngu-e, kunye ne-engile phakathi komgca ophezulu werula kunye ne-optical axis ngu-u. I-scaleplated ifanekiselwa ilensi evavanyiweyo enobude obugxininise be-f. Imakroskopu ifakwe ekupheleni komphezulu womfanekiso. Ngokuhambisa isikhundla se-microscope, imifanekiso ephezulu yee-scaleplates ezimbini ifunyenwe. Ngeli xesha, umgama phakathi kwe-microscope kunye ne-optical axis ichazwa njenge-y. Ngokobudlelwane bomfanekiso-yinto, sinokufumana ubude obugxilwe njenge:
2.5 I-Moire DeflectometryIndlela
Indlela ye-Moiré deflectometry iya kusebenzisa iiseti ezimbini zemigaqo yeRonchi kwimiqadi yokukhanya ehambelanayo. Ukulawula i-Ronchi yipatheni efana negridi yefilimu ye-chromium yensimbi efakwe kwi-substrate yeglasi, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweenkqubo zokukhanya. Indlela isebenzisa utshintsho kwi-Moiré fringes eyenziwe ngama-gratings amabini ukuvavanya ubude be-focal ye-optical system. Umzobo wesicwangciso somgaqo uthi:
Kulo mfanekiso ungentla, into ebonwayo, emva kokudlula kwi-collimator, iba yintsimbi ehambelanayo. Kwindlela ye-optical, ngaphandle kokufaka i-lens evavanyiweyo kuqala, i-parallel beam idlula kwi-gratings ezimbini kunye ne-displacement angle ye-θ kunye ne-grating spacing ye-d, eyenza isethi ye-Moiré fringes kwindiza yomfanekiso. Emva koko, i-lens evavanyiweyo ifakwe kwindlela ye-optical. Ukukhanya kwe-collimated yasekuqaleni, emva kokuhlanjululwa yi-lens, kuya kuvelisa ubude obugxilwe obuthile. Iradiyasi egobileyo yomqadi wokukhanya inokufumaneka kule fomula ilandelayo:
Ngokuqhelekileyo i-lens ephantsi kovavanyo ibekwe kufuphi kakhulu ne-grating yokuqala, ngoko ixabiso le-R kwifomula engentla ihambelana nobude obugxilwe kwi-lens. I-advanteji yale ndlela kukuba inokuvavanya ubude befocal ye-positive focal length ubude beenkqubo.
2.6 UkujongaFiberAutocollimationMindlela
Umgaqo wokusebenzisa indlela ye-fiber optical autocollimation ukuvavanya ubude obugxilwe kwi-lens buboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi. Isebenzisa i-fiber optics ukukhupha umqadi owahlukileyo odlula kwilensi evavanywayo kwaye emva koko uye kwisipili senqwelomoya. Iindlela ezintathu ze-optical emfanekisweni zimela iimeko ze-fiber optical ngaphakathi kogxininiso, ngaphakathi kogxininiso, nangaphandle kokugxilwa ngokulandelelana. Ngokuhambisa indawo ye-lens phantsi kovavanyo emva nangaphambili, unokufumana indawo yentloko yefiber ekugxilwe kuyo. Ngeli xesha, i-beam i-self-collimated, kwaye emva kokubonakaliswa sisibuko sendiza, amandla amaninzi aya kubuyela kwindawo yentloko yefiber. Indlela ilula ngokomgaqo kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
3.Isiphelo
Ubude bojoliso yiparameter ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yamehlo. Kweli nqaku, sichaza ingcamango yobude benkqubo ye-optical kunye neendlela zayo zokuvavanya. Idityaniswe nomzobo weskim, sichaza inkcazo yobude bogxininiso, kubandakanywa iikhonsepthi zobude becala lomfanekiso-cala, ubude becala lezinto, kunye nobude bojoliso obungaphambili ukuya ngasemva. Enyanisweni, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuvavanya ubude be-focal yenkqubo yamehlo. Eli nqaku lazisa imigaqo yovavanyo yendlela ye-collimator, indlela ye-Gaussian, indlela yokulinganisa ubude obugxininisiweyo, indlela yokulinganisa ubude be-Abbe, indlela yokuphambuka kwe-Moiré, kunye ne-optical fiber autocollimation method. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngokufunda eli nqaku, uya kuba nokuqonda okungcono kweeparamitha zobude obugxilwe kwiinkqubo zamehlo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-09-2024
